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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plateau-Problem</span></h1>
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<p>In der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a> besteht das <b>Plateau-Problem</b> darin, eine <a href="Minimalfl%C3%A4che" title="Minimalfläche">Minimalfläche</a> zu finden, die als Rand eine gegebene <a href="Kurve_(Mathematik)" title="Kurve (Mathematik)">Kurve</a> besitzt. Es ist benannt nach <a href="Joseph_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Plateau">Joseph Plateau</a>, der die Formen von <a href="Seifenhaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Seifenhaut">Seifenhäuten</a> in Drahtgestellen experimentell bestimmte. Erstmals mathematisch formuliert wurde das Problem 1760 durch <a href="Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a>. Es gehört zum Gebiet der <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsrechnung</a>.
</p><p>In allgemeinerem Sinn versteht man darunter einen ganzen Komplex von Problemen, die von folgender Form sind: man finde ein Element aus einer vorgegebenen Menge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> von „Oberflächen“, die bestimmte Randbedingungen erfüllen, und die eine gegebene „Flächen“-Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon E\to \mathbb {R} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon E\to \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbdc20a671a099907293d30520fc5e061b3d0dd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.38ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon E\to \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> minimieren oder ein kritischer Punkt dieser Funktion sind. Außerdem sollten die Lösungen bestimmte Regularitätsbedingungen erfüllen. Das Plateauproblem hat seit seiner Formulierung im 19. Jahrhundert zu viel Forschungsarbeit und neuen Entwicklungen in der Mathematik Anstoß gegeben und stellt in seinen verschiedenen Verallgemeinerungen auch noch offene Probleme zum Beispiel bei <a href="Minimalfl%C3%A4che" title="Minimalfläche">Minimalflächen</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lösung_des_Problems"><span id="L.C3.B6sung_des_Problems"></span>Lösung des Problems</h2></div>
<p>Im Laufe der Zeit wurden verschiedene spezielle Formen des Problems gelöst, beispielsweise von <a href="Hermann_Amandus_Schwarz" title="Hermann Amandus Schwarz">Schwarz</a> im Jahre 1865. 1928 löste <a href="Ren%C3%A9_Garnier" title="René Garnier">René Garnier</a> das Plateau-Problem durch Lösung eines Riemann-Hilbert-Problems für <a href="Polygon" title="Polygon">polygonale</a> Randkurven. Ein Approximationsprozess löst das Plateau-Problem dann für <a href="Stetige_Funktion" title="Stetige Funktion">stetige</a> Randkurven. Der Beweis der Existenz einer Lösung des Problems gelang jedoch erst Anfang der 1930er Jahre unabhängig voneinander <a href="Jesse_Douglas" title="Jesse Douglas">Jesse Douglas</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und <a href="Tibor_Rad%C3%B3" title="Tibor Radó">Tibor Radó</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mit Mitteln der direkten Methoden der Variationsrechnung (vgl. als Beispiel die Lösung des <a href="Dirichlet-Prinzip" title="Dirichlet-Prinzip">Dirichletprinzips</a>). Douglas (der für die Lösung die erste <a href="Fields-Medaille" title="Fields-Medaille">Fields-Medaille</a> erhielt) löste das Problem ursprünglich nur für Flächen im dreidimensionalen euklidischen Raum (mit einer <a href="Jordan-Kurve" title="Jordan-Kurve">Jordan-Kurve</a> als Rand), die topologisch einer Scheibe entsprechen (Genus 0). Douglas und <a href="Richard_Courant" title="Richard Courant">Richard Courant</a> verallgemeinerten die Lösung<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> auf beliebiges topologisches Geschlecht und mehrere disjunkte Kurven als Ränder. Während Douglas und Rado eine Art Energie-Funktional minimierten, gaben <a href="Herbert_Federer" title="Herbert Federer">Herbert Federer</a> und <a href="Wendell_Fleming" title="Wendell Fleming">Wendell Fleming</a> 1960<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eine Lösung mit geometrischer Maßtheorie. <a href="Ernst_Robert_Reifenberg" title="Ernst Robert Reifenberg">Ernst Robert Reifenberg</a> gab 1961 eine Lösung für beliebiges Geschlecht mit neuartigen Methoden.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Charles_Morrey" title="Charles Morrey">Charles Morrey</a> betrachtete das verallgemeinerte Problem auf Flächen in allgemeinen <a href="Riemannsche_Mannigfaltigkeit" title="Riemannsche Mannigfaltigkeit">Riemannschen Mannigfaltigkeiten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eine Variante des Problems, in der die gesuchten Flächen physikalischen Seifenblasen besser angepasst sind, untersuchte <a href="Frederick_Almgren" title="Frederick Almgren">Frederick Almgren</a>, weiter verfolgt unter anderem von <a href="Jean_Taylor" title="Jean Taylor">Jean Taylor</a> und <a href="Jenny_Harrison" title="Jenny Harrison">Jenny Harrison</a>.
</p><p>In mehr als drei Dimensionen und für Hyperflächen anderer Dimension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\geq n-1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4840ed9b8ff618709a1f6925ca18e0890df3f388.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\geq n-1}" loading="lazy"></span> existieren nicht immer reguläre Lösungen (<a href="Ennio_De_Giorgi" title="Ennio De Giorgi">Ennio De Giorgi</a> und andere ab 1961). Im Fall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\geq n-1}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\geq n-1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4840ed9b8ff618709a1f6925ca18e0890df3f388.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\geq n-1}" loading="lazy"></span> treten singuläre Lösungen aber erst in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\geq 8}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2f11d26b2a838ec7c8e5557668316ff5c9e1e20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\geq 8}" loading="lazy"></span> auf.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parametrische_Formulierung_des_Problems">Parametrische Formulierung des Problems</h2></div>
<p>Es sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma \subset \mathbb {R} ^{3}}">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma \subset \mathbb {R} ^{3}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b35fffad8b226095105debbf08ec179becb639f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.284ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma \subset \mathbb {R} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine <a href="Jordankurve" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordankurve">Jordankurve</a> mit drei fest gewählten Punkten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},X_{3}\in \Gamma .}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},X_{3}\in \Gamma .}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0adc11ca6b22be155a2ecbca1c422864b41b1ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.944ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},X_{3}\in \Gamma .}" loading="lazy"></span> Gesucht ist eine Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\colon {\overline {B}}\to \mathbb {R} ^{3}}">
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<mi>X</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
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<mi>B</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\colon {\overline {B}}\to \mathbb {R} ^{3}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8b94bfd04a9bf4ca12aa3b160ad04132a2908433.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.239ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\colon {\overline {B}}\to \mathbb {R} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf dem Abschluss der offenen Kreisscheibe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B=\{(u,v)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\,:\,u^{2}+v^{2}<1\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B=\{(u,v)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\,:\,u^{2}+v^{2}<1\}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb792d274376edabe4f7a74cf58ff8192ea0522d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.439ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B=\{(u,v)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\,:\,u^{2}+v^{2}<1\}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der Eigenschaft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X(\partial B)=\Gamma }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X(\partial B)=\Gamma }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c667b5216d15528366db82c21b5c2c56f92f3a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.423ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X(\partial B)=\Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem Rand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial B=\{(u,v)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\,:\,u^{2}+v^{2}=1\}}">
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
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<mo>:</mo>
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<mi>u</mi>
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<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial B=\{(u,v)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\,:\,u^{2}+v^{2}=1\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ddf2227ab39f9212e419f0c02fcf0f57766ca894.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.757ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial B=\{(u,v)\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}\,:\,u^{2}+v^{2}=1\}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0eccf5bca7cdc1fa4439af2d31831db6bde00473.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.411ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B.}" loading="lazy"></span> Von der Abbildung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> werden folgende Eigenschaften verlangt:
</p>
<ul><li>Harmonizität: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \triangle X(u,v)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">△<!-- △ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \triangle X(u,v)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc55a8f93578745e6c48064fdbc65d7ba31fb9bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.607ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \triangle X(u,v)=0}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Konformität: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |X_{u}(u,v)|^{2}=|X_{v}(u,v)|^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |X_{u}(u,v)|^{2}=|X_{v}(u,v)|^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3dad362a7988e70ec0046f8ca6dd70d88b8647e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.446ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |X_{u}(u,v)|^{2}=|X_{v}(u,v)|^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> sowie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{u}\cdot X_{v}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{u}\cdot X_{v}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3ee7b8c8af0991bd4ae9d51cd6da10129b1fa16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.991ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{u}\cdot X_{v}=0}" loading="lazy"></span> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>Topologische <a href="Randbedingung" title="Randbedingung">Randbedingung</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\colon \partial B\to \Gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\colon \partial B\to \Gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5e649fbcf7cf047cb102e790c75f975cb881664.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.163ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\colon \partial B\to \Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Hom%C3%B6omorphismus" title="Homöomorphismus">Homöomorphismus</a> auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Gamma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Γ<!-- Γ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Gamma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4cfde86a3f7ec967af9955d0988592f0693d2b19.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.453ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Gamma }" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>3-Punktebedingung: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X(e^{2\pi ik/3})=X_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X(e^{2\pi ik/3})=X_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31c3bcd7f1b255ba73399e09c58a4967b24b899a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.048ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X(e^{2\pi ik/3})=X_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=1,2,3.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>3.</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=1,2,3.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43d8930575f864e1e03f41d9de4edef04e27c368.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.512ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=1,2,3.}" loading="lazy"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erweitertes_Problem_in_höheren_Dimensionen"><span id="Erweitertes_Problem_in_h.C3.B6heren_Dimensionen"></span>Erweitertes Problem in höheren Dimensionen</h2></div>
<p>Die Erweiterung des Problems auf höhere Dimensionen, also auf <i>k</i>-dimensionale Flächen im <i>n</i>-dimensionalen Raum, stellt sich dagegen als weitaus schwieriger dar. Insbesondere sind Lösungen des allgemeinen Problems nicht notwendig regulär, sondern können <a href="Singularit%C3%A4t_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singularität (Mathematik)">Singularitäten</a> besitzen. Dies gilt stets für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k\leq n-2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k\leq n-2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db0d99049395f0d9082bfbf48508d6fe919fadd2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k\leq n-2}" loading="lazy"></span>, aber auch für den Fall einer <a href="Hyperfl%C3%A4che" title="Hyperfläche">Hyperfläche</a>, also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=n-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=n-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/278120871ed830a9b261b1969c8275b2b09f6c08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.707ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=n-1}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\geq 8}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>8</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\geq 8}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2f11d26b2a838ec7c8e5557668316ff5c9e1e20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\geq 8}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Jenny_Harrison" title="Jenny Harrison">Jenny Harrison</a>, Harrison Pugh: Plateau’s problem, in: John Forbes Nash jr., Michael Th. Rassias (Hrsg.), Open problems in mathematics, Springer 2016, S. 273–302</li></ul>
<p>Originalarbeiten:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Jesse_Douglas" title="Jesse Douglas">Jesse Douglas</a>: <i>Solution of the problem of Plateau.</i> In: <i>Transactions of the American Mathematical Society.</i> 33, 1, 1931, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220002-9947%22&key=cql">0002-9947</a></span></span>, S. 263–321, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1989472">10.2307/1989472</a></span>.</li>
<li><a href="Tibor_Rad%C3%B3" title="Tibor Radó">Tibor Radó</a>: <i>On Plateau’s problem.</i> In: <i>The Annals of Mathematics.</i> 31, 3, 1930, <span class="-print"><a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220003-486X%22&key=cql">0003-486X</a></span></span>, S. 457–469, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1968237">10.2307/1968237</a></span>.</li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Anatoli_Timofejewitsch_Fomenko" title="Anatoli Timofejewitsch Fomenko">A. T. Fomenko</a>: <i>The Plateau Problem. A Historical Survey</i>, Gordon and Breach 1989</li>
<li><a href="Michael_Struwe" title="Michael Struwe">Michael Struwe</a>: <i>Plateau’s Problem and the Calculus of Variations</i>, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1989</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Eric_Weisstein" title="Eric Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PlateausProblem.html"><i>Plateaus Problem</i>.</a> In: <i><a href="MathWorld" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></i> (englisch).</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msri.org:443/workshops/115/schedules/25196">Brian Whites Webpage</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofmath.org/wiki/Plateau_problem">Springer Online Reference Works</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas <i>Solutions of the problem of Plateau</i>, Transactions AMS, 33, 1941, 263–321</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rado <i>The problem of least area and the problem of Plateau</i>, Mathematische Zeitschrift Bd. 32, 1930, S. 763, Rado <i>On the problem of Plateau</i>, Springer Verlag 1933</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">dargestellt in Courant <i>Dirichlet’s principle conformal mapping and minimal surfaces</i>, Interscience 1950</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Federer, Fleming <i>Normal and integral currents</i>, Annals of Mathematics, 72, 1960, 458–520</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reifenberg, Solution of the Plateau Problem for m-dimensional surfaces of varying topological type, Acta Mathematica, 80, 1960, Nr. 2, 1–14</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrey <i>The problem of Plateau on a Riemannian manifold</i>, Annals of Mathematics, Bd. 49, 1948, S. 807</span>
</li>
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